Documenting the media revolution Research Paper

Documenting the media revolution - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, the Internet began spreading in 1983 as university and research center networks. The Internet got its first significant boost in 1990 following the invention of the web by Tim Berners-Lee. The second boost of the Internet was witnessed in 1993 following the release of the first browser Mosaic. At the time, the Internet was only accessible in few developed countries. The Internet, however, began spreading rapidly from 1994 onwards. Today, almost every part of the world is internet accessible (Kozlowski 2). Nevertheless, the spread of the Internet did not bring an end to the traditional print media, radio, movies, or television. Instead, it created its own space as a new form of media to access documents, obtain information, broaden knowledge, and communicate across the world and languages (Kozlowski 3). With the invention and spread of the Internet, booksellers began selling books online both within and outside the home country. Libraries also began developing websites as ‘virtual’ window and digital libraries stemming from their print collections. The website made it possible for patrons to surf information they needed at a period search engines were less accurate and unreliable. With time, library catalogues went online. This was followed by the availability of online magazines and newspapers, as well as their archives. Lebert notes that, with the spread of the Internet, authors began developing websites for their works online (3). Today there are several online books making it possible for people to read online without having to buy a printed book. Libert reveals that the Internet has become a common mode of communication and interaction since 2009. It offers people the opportunity to work, communicate, study, and entertain through the Internet (Primary Research Group 48). This paper will discuss the history of e-books, as well as the various devices where e-books are read. It will also explore how e-books e-magazines and e-newspaper reading may become more of internet connective or group activity. Finally, the paper will provide a prediction of how books will be read in the next decade. 1.1. History of e-books The history of e-books dates back to 1971 following the invention of the e-text #1by Michael Hart in his Project Gutenberg. Lebert reveals that, after the invention of the e-book, Hart disseminated the e-books to the rest of the world (5). The project Gutenberg allowed people of the twentieth century to have a digital library free of charge. Despite skepticism from many people who criticized Hart for his idea, he went ahead to prove them wrong by inventing an e-book. Hart with the assistance of volunteers began by creating online Bibles, which became a huge success. This was followed by the creating Shakespeare online book. Lebert indicate that, by 1989, Project Gutenberg had completed its tenth e-book. Among the books are The King James Bible (1769) both New and Old testaments and 5M for the entire file s. Research indicates that there were only about 250,000 internet users by 1990. This stage is considered an infant stage of the Internet where the standard was just 360 k disks. Later on in 1991, Hart typed Lewis Carroll’s, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865) followed by Peter Pan (1904) by James M. Barrie. Lebert reveals t

Sales Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sales Management - Assignment Example However this is not the case because they are being constantly let down by the sales managers and indeed the policy adopted by Mike Dalton. As Dalton believes in offering the sales representatives with the remuneration package alone and no salary, this stands as a very negative connotation of the entire payment structure. If for instance a sales representative is unable to find a single sales lead in a particular period of time, he would not receive any payments at all. It would mean that all his hard work and devotion for the sake of IFP would essentially go to waste. What is important is to understand how IFP can give its best to its own employees who are indeed receiving nothing at all, more so when they are being committed to the company and its stance in essence. There is a dire need to understand how IFP’s viewpoint would be taken over by the employees. I do not agree that the employees would be on their toes if they receive just the compensation for the sales leads that they bring in instead of the salaries that they should be getting (Weitzul 1993). This is a direct case of meting out differential treatment for the employees because they are being hard done by. Justice needs to be done so that they remain motivated and glued to their respective jobs. The remuneration package used by Mike Dalton might not serve the purpose of the sales representatives and indeed the employees at large because it does not warrant a just policy to meet their most basic needs at work. This should be done away with at the earliest so that the employees might heave a sigh of relief and work to their best effect in the future (Gunsch 1991). The sales team will always be at the mercy of their sales leads and they thus know that if they fall short on this count, they would be removed from their jobs and hence their termination would mean a lot of economic problems for not only their own selves

The fairy and the bear Essay Example for Free

The fairy and the bear Essay FhtfyrfytfftyfuydtrdFriendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar  Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship  cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to Friendship Essay A friend is defined as a person whom one knows, likes, and trusts. This type of a relation is friendship. In every society in the world people have Short Essay on Friendship PreserveArticles.com www.preservearticles.com/201104306080/short-essay-on-friendship.html Apr 30, 2011 Friendship is a feeling of love and affection of one person for another. This feeling of love must be reciprocated. Otherwise friendship cannot be What is Friendship? [Expository Essay by Valeriya Stolbovaya] phuket.qsischool.org//547-what-is-friendship-expository-essay-by-valeriy Friday, 15 June 2012 10:58. Valeriya Stolbovaya. Writing 2. Expository essay 2. 1.11.2011. What is friendship? What is friendship? People have been  asking this Write a Short Essay on Friendship www.shareyouressays.com/13638/write-a-short-essay-on-friendship by Anjana Mazumdar  Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet. Sample Essay on Friendship ~ English Literature for National literaturenubd.blogspot.com/2012/02/sample-essey-on-friendship.html Friendship is the divine feeling or relationship between friends. Friendships developed ultimately and required to be maintained with care. Men cant live without Write Source Grades 6-8 Expository Essay www.thewritesource.com/studentmodels/ws2k-friendship.htm A dictionary contains a definition of friendship somewhere in the Fs between the words â€Å"fear† and â€Å"Friday.† An encyclopedia supplies interesting facts on Friendships High School English essays www.englishdaily626.com/high_school_english_essays.php?512 Friendships. Friends are very important in our lives. Friendships are easily formed when we are young and do not demand too much out of it. According to

Optimization of Solvent Extractions

Optimization of Solvent Extractions CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1  Introduction In this study, the leaves of A. Malanccensis, formulated gaharu tea bags from Gaharu Tea Valley, Gopeng and Kebun Rimau, Tawau were extracted by using solvent extraction method. The optimization of solvent extractions were determined in this study as well. Chemical composition of the crude extracts were analyzed by using GC-MS and HPLC. Besides, the obtained crude extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant property. 3.2  Chemicals and Apparatus Throughout this study, several of chemical and apparatus were used as listed in table 3.1 and table 3.2. Table 3.1 Chemical and reagent used Chemical and reagents Brand Manufacturer 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Sigma USA 2,4,6-tripyridyl-striazine Sigma USA Sodium acetate Acetic acid MB Germany Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Ascorbic acid Systerm Malaysia Ethanol Systerm Malaysia Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent Sigma USA Gallic acid Hydrochloric acid Iron (II) sulphate Sigma USA Iron (III) Chloride Systerm Malaysia Methanol Merck Germany Potassium bromide Quercetin Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate anhydrous Sodium hydroxide Merck Germany Sodium nitrate Helium gas Novaland Malaysia Nitrogen gas Novaland Malaysia Table 3.2 Apparatus used Apparatus Brand Manufacturer Aluminium foil Diamond brand Malaysia Analytical balance Mettler-Toledo Switerland Beaker 100 mL Schoot Duran Germany Beaker 250 mL Schoot Duran Germany Beaker 500 mL Iwaki Japan Conical flask 250 mL Isolab Germany Filter funnel Frontier Transform Infra-red spectrometer Perkin Elmer Germany Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometer Perkin-Elmer Germany Measuring cylinder Iwaki Japan Micropipette Eppendrof England Oven Memmet USA Parafilm â€Å"M† Pechiney USA Rotatory evaporator Buchi Labortechinc Switzerland Round bottle flask 250 mL Favorit Malaysia Test tube 15 mL UV-Vis spectrometer Perkin Elmer Germany Volumetric flask Exelo Malaysia Water bath Cifton NE 5-289 England Whatman No. 1 Filter paper Buchi Reiii Switzerland Grinder Kika Germany 3.3 Extraction of the Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea 3.3.1 Raw Material The samples of gaharu leaves and formulated gaharu tea bag were used in this research were obtained from the Kebun Rimau Sdn Bhd, Tawau and Gaharu Tea Valley, Gopeng. Gaharu leaves were dried in the shade for 7 days at roomtemperature (28  ±2 °C). After drying, leaves were cut into small pieces. The pieces of dried gaharu leaves and the formulated gaharu tea bag are used for the aqueous extraction and ethanolic extraction. 3.3.2Aqueous Extraction of Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea 50g of dried leaves powder and contents of formulated gaharu tea bag were weighed and put into 500mL beaker, respectively. 250 mL of distilled water was added into both beaker and boil for 30 minutes. Beakers were wrapped with aluminium foil (Diamond brand) to prevent spilling of mixture and light exposure.The pooled extracts were filtered by using Whatman No. 1 filterpaper (Buchi Reiii) with 0.45 µm membrane. The remains were re-extracted under same condition and filtered. The obtained crude extracts were concentrated at 50 °C using a rotary evaporator under low pressure. The concentrated crude extracts from gaharu leaves and formulated gaharu tea bag were collected in air-tight containers and covered by the aluminum foil to prevent the active components in the extracts from decomposing by light. They were stored in refrigerator at 4  °C to prevent fungal attacking. All the extractions were carried out in replicates. 3.3.3 Ethanolic Extraction of the Gaharu Leaves and FormulatedGaharu Tea 10g of dried leaves powder and 6g of the formulated gaharu tea bag were weighed and put into 100 mL beaker, respectively. 50mL ethanol was poured into both beaker. Beakers were sealed with parafilm (Pechiney) and wrapped with aluminum foil (Diamond brand) to prevent spilling of mixture and light exposure, respectively. The pooled extracts were filtered by using Whatman No. 1 filter paper (Whatman International, England). The remains were re-extracted under same condition and filtered. The obtained crude extracts were concentrated at 40 °C using a rotary evaporator under low pressure. The concentrated crude extracts from gaharu leaves and formulated gaharu tea bag were collected in air-tight containers and covered by the aluminum foil to prevent the light decomposition of bioactive components in the crude extracts. They were stored in refrigerator at 4  °C to avoid fungal attacking. All the extractions were carried out in replicates. 3.4 Optimization of the Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea Extraction 3.4.1Ethanol Concentration With the constants 180 minutes and temperature 25OC, samples were extracted with six different concentrations of ethanol starting from 0% to 100% (v/v). The extraction procedures were described in section 3.2.3. The best ethanol concentration which related to the values of total phenolic contain (TPC) (mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g dry weight, DW) and total flavonoid contain (TFC) (mg quercetin equivalent, QE/g DW) were selected. 3.4.2Extraction time The samples were extracted with the optimal ethanol concentration which was determined in the section 3.3.1 for 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes by fixing the extraction temperature constant at 25oC. The best extraction time which related to the values of total phenolic contain (TPC) (mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g dry weight, DW) and total flavonoid contain (TFC) (mg quercetin equivalent, QE/g DW) eres selected. 3.4.3Temperature The samples were extracted at different temperatures, which were 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65oC with the optimal temperature and extraction time as determined in section 3.3.1 and section 3.3.2. The best extraction temperature which related to the values of total phenolic contain (TPC) (mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g dry weight, DW) and total flavonoid contain (TFC) (mg quercetin equivalent, QE/g DW) weres selected. 3.5Chemical Characterization of Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea 3.5.1Characterization using FT-IR 3.5.1.1 Sample Preparation The method of FT-IR analysis by Khalil et al. (2013) was used with minor modifications (Khalil et al., 2013). The formation of transparent pellet (Thin disc) was done by mixing 2mg of crude extract powder with 40mg of potassium bromide (1:20), a mold was used to compress the mixture under a pressure of 7 tons. The analysis was carried out with the wavelength starting from 4000 to 400 cm-1. About 3 minutes were taken by the spectrum recording. FT-IR software Spectrum version 6.35 (Perkin Elmer) was used to perform the acquisition of the spectra and peak assignment. 3.5.2Characterization Using Gas Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) 3.5.2.1 Sample Preparation The method of GC-MS analysis by Khalil et al. (2013) and Soetardjo et al., (2007) were used with the modification of experimental conditions. The crude extract powder was dissolved in 60% (v/v) methanol solution and filtered by using membrane filter with 0.45  µm pore size. The 0.5  µL of samples were injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 mass spectrometer and Elite-5MS column [30m (length) x 0.25 mm (diameter), film thickness 0.25  µm]. The column temperature was programmed to 50oC for 6 min, with 5oC increase per min to 250oC. The temperature of detector and injector were both maintained at 250 oC. Hellium was used as the carrier gas with a linear velocity of 1 ml/min and the splitting ratio was 10:1. The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron impact ionization (EI) mode at 70 eV. The constituents of gaharu crude extract powder were identified by comparing their mass spectra with those of NIST02 library data of the GC-MS system. The c ondition of GC-MS are summarized in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Condition used for GC-MS analysis. Parameters Conditions Gas chromatography Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 gas chromatography Mass selective detector Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 mass spectrometer Capillary columns Elite-5MS (30 m (length) x 0.25 mm (diameter) ; film thickness 0.25  µm) Injection volume 0.5  µL Carrier gas Helium Initial oven temperature 50 oC Final oven temperature 260-300 oC Inlet temperature 250 oC Injection Split Injector pressure 8.00-9.43 psi Injector temperature 80 oC Flow rate 1 mL min -1 Electron energy 70 eV Source temperature 180 oC Solvent delay 2 minutes Data library NIST 02 3.5.2.2 Kovats Retention Index Kovats retention index is an idea used in the gas chromatography to convert retention times into system-independent constant. The collected data of GC-MS were processed by using the Kovats retention index (Equation 3.1). The calculated Kovats index was compared with the retention time of n-alkane which were given by the GC-MS manufacture company (Perkin Elmer) based on the same type of column with higher ramp temperature (10oC instead of 5 oC, Appendix A). (Equation 3.1) Where, I = Kovats retention index, n = the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-alkane, N = the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane, tr = the retention time. 3.6Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds and Total Flavonoid Compounds in Crude Extracts 3.6.1Evaluation of Total Phenolic Compounds in Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Tea Crude Extracts Total phenolic content (TPC) of concentrated rude extract of three samples with the different extraction condition were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalten (F-C) assay according to the method described by Tay et al. with a modification (Tay et al., 2014). Concentrated crude extractwas diluted 30 times before use. 15 mL test tube was wrapped with aluminum foil and 1 mL of diluted sample was placed into it. Then, 5 mL of Folin-Ciocalten reagent was added into the test tube. After 5 minutes, 4 mL of 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added. The test tube was shaken to mix the diluted sample and reagents for 5 seconds. Thus, the test tube was allowed to stand in the dark room at room temperature for 30 minutes. The blank solution was prepared by replacing 1 mL of samples with 1 mL of deionized water. Absorbance was measured against the blank at 765 nm by using UV-Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer).Besides, 1 mM gallic acid stock solution was prepared. 17.012 mg of gallic acid was weighed a d transferred into 100 mL conical flask. Thus, deionized water was added in until the volume of 100 mL was achieved. The 1 mM gallic acid stock solution was further diluted into 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mM gallic acid standard solutions. Total phenolic content was determined and calculated based on gallic acid calibration curve and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) in milligram per g dry weight (mg GAE/ g DW). The TPC test was repeated with the concentrated crude extract with different solvent extraction conditions. 3.6.2Evaluation of Total Flavonoid Compounds in Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Tea Crude Extracts The total flavonoid content (TFC) of the concentrated crude extract of three samples with different extraction conditions were determined according to the procedures described by Thoo et al. with slight modifications (Thoo et al., 2010). Concentrated crude extract was diluted for 15 times. Thus, 1 mL of diluted crude extract was mixed with 5 mL of deionized water and 0.3 mL 5% sodium nitrite in a 15 mL aluminum foil-wrapped test tube. After 12 minutes, 0.6 mL 10% aluminum chloride hexahydrate was added into the test tube. In the next 10 minutes, 2 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide solution and 1.1 mL were added to the mixture. Thus, test tube was shaken to mix the diluted sample with the reagents for 10 seconds. A blank was prepared by replacing diluted crude extract with 1 mL of deionized water. The absorbance was measured immediately at 510 nm by using UV-Vis light spectrometer (Perkin Elmer). Besides, the 1 mM quercetin stock solution was prepared as well. 30.22 mg of quercetin was accura tely weighed and transferred into 100 mL conical flask. Thus, the deionized water was added into the conical flask until the volume of 100 mL was reached. The 1 mM quercetin stock solution was further diluted to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mM quercetin standard solutions. The total flavonoid content of diluted crude extract was determined and calculated based on quercetin calibration curve and expressed as quecertin equivalents (QEs) in milligram per g dry weight (mg QE/ g DW).). The TFC test was repeated with the concentrated crude extract with different solvent extraction conditions. 3.7  Determination of Antioxidant Activity 3.7.12,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free RadicalScavenging Assay The antioxidant capacity of crude extracts were measured by the DPPH assay based on the method which were carried out by Asadujjamanet al. and Tay et al. with slight modification (Asadujjamanet al., 2013; Tay et al., 2014). The 0.1 mL concentrated crude extract was added with 3.9 mL 0.004% ethanolic DPPH solution in an aluminium-wrapped test tube. A parafilm was immediately used to cover the opening of test tube. Thus, the test tube was allowed to stand in dark room at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of DPPH solution was determined against a deionized water blank a 517 nm by using the UV-Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 25). 0.1 mL of the crude extract was replaced by extract solvent in the preparing of negative control. Absorbance measurements of the crude extracts and negative control was carried out in triplicate. The result was expressed as a percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity.The following formula (Equation 3.2) was used to calculate the DPPH rad ical scavenging activity of crude extract. 1 − Ãâ€" 100%= DPPH radical scavenging activityEquation 3.2 Where, As= absorbance of crude extract Ac = Absorbance of control 3.7.2Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay The FRAP assay was carried out according to procedures described by Kamonwannasitet al. with slight modification (Kamonwannasitet al., 2013).The FRAP reagent was made of 0.01 M TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-striazine) in 0.04 M HCl, 0.02 M FeCl3, and 0.03M acetate buffer (pH 3.6) in a ratio of 1:1:10(v/v/v). 0.03M acetate buffer (pH3.6) was prepared by mixing 46.3 mL of 0.2M acetic acid and 3.7 mL 0.2 M sodium acetate 0.5 mL together. Thus, the deionized water was added into mixture to make up the volume to 100mL. Then, 0.5g of the sample was added to 15 ml of FRAP reagent which was prepared in situ and warmed until 37 °C before it was being used. The absorbance was measured at 593 nm by using an UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer) after the solution was incubated for 5 minutes. Besides, 1 mM FeSO4stock solution was prepared as well. 0.278g of FeSO4 were dissolved into 1 L of deionized water. Thus, 1 mM FeSO4stock solution was diluted into 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mM FeSO4 standard sol ution. A standard calibration curve was constructed by using different concentration of FeSO4 solution. The results were expressed as ÃŽ ¼mol Fe2+/mg dry weight of plant material. All measurements were carried out in triplicate and the mean values were calculated. 3.8  Statistical analysis The experimental results in this study were calculated and analyzed by using the IBM software (SPSS Statistics version 21). All values were expressed as the mean  ± standard deviation (SD) of triplicate measurements of replicate extraction. Simple correlation was used to determine the relationship between total amount of flavonoids in the crude extracts and their antioxidant capacities.

Parents Pay For Crimes :: essays research papers

Where Will I End Up? Where will I end up? That was the question that ran through my head as a high school student athlete at least a hundred times a day. I knew and was told that I had the natural talent and the work ethic to get to the college level, to play football. It all started my freshmen year, my first year organized football at my high school Grosse Pointe North. Where I was just messing around one day before practice kicking the football around. The kicking coach had taken notice and told me that I had the natural talent and leg strength to become a solid and well-developed place kicker. I had then earned the starting job by my first ever career football game, and have made a great career out of it so far, and hope to keep it going. I never thought that I would become a kicker I thought that was the pretty boy position on the football team, little did I know that was my ticket to a college football career. I had an average freshmen season, but what do you expect from a freshmen kicker? Most teams at the freshmen level don’t even have a guy that can kick at all. I thought that I was the â€Å"man.† By the time that my sophomore football season rolled around I was a much-improved kicker, I worked out mostly everyday all summer long with my cousin who was a pro recruit at the time, he was the one who really taught me what you really needed to know about kicking. All summer we worked on my technique and accuracy. The first week of my sophomore football season the coaches took immediate notice to my improvement, I was then offered the opportunity to try out for the varsity by the head coach. I was very excited but also nervous at the same time, this was like a dream come true. My high school has a very rich tradition for football, and for a sophomore to play at the varsity level is rare. So the following week I worked out with the varsity and made the team. I was pumped I was looked at differently by everyone some in a good way but also a lot in a bad way, the bad way was that a lot of my friends were jealous of the opportunity that I had and this brought me down a little.

The History of Scientific Management Theories Essay -- administrative

In the history of management thinking, there are many ways to manage an organization, such as scientific management and administrative management. This essay will discuss the notion that scientific management was a ‘good’ idea in the history of management thinking, by looking at the historical backgrounds and political beliefs of economist, also how the develop management theory by conducting experiments, and how their theories made it into the managing business does and how do they work. First of all, what is management itself? Management as explained in the Organizational Behaviour book, is a set of activities such as planning, decision making, organizing, leading and controlling the organization’s resources including human, financial, physical, and information. In order for high performance result, achieving organizational goals efficiently and effectively. (Wood et al, 2006. pp12-13) This essay would focus on the scientific management theories; it is where the concept of job specialization and division of labour are born, during that time it was the days of industrial era. The business was expanding, yet the productivity was labour intensive since technology was not much help at that time. Thus managers must find a way to improve the performance of individual workers, and that; the scientific management theory was created. The history of scientific management closely related with Fredrick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), known as the father of scientific management. Other than Taylor, there are other four renowned economist; Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, and Henry Ford. Each manager has their own way of scientific managing, Taylor who is considered to be the father of scientific management, as explained in the book prepared by... ...rove output production and efficiency of an organization. We could see this specialization everywhere in a workplace, the easiest way to create an example of this in department store; everyone has their own task, the cashier work on the cashier machine, the customer service work on helping visitors and pointing out information. Also in the restaurant, in the kitchen itself, there different task done by different people, the high chef manage the other workers and guiding them with the cooking recipe, then they have other workers who would just do one task such as boiling, frying, cutting, and then the waitress deliver the food. Those are few examples of specialization in the line of work we see today. With that fact, it is clear that scientific management was a good idea in the history of management, providing ways in organizations to achieve more productivity.

Happiest memory Essay

I was given a chance to visit the Himalayas, to one of the concealed places in the province where a panoramic view was preserved. It was very provincial and solemn. Its coniferous and subtropical forests, wetlands, and montane grasslands are as much a part of this world as the inhospitable, frozen mountaintops that tower above. The mountains were the wrinkles of age and pimples of youth on Earth’s crusty outer skin. They rose up as the crust collides, cracks, crumbles, folds, and spews. They dominated their surroundings with towering height. I clearly remember when I was on my way there that the emerald shade produced by the different kinds of trees were smiling and alluring me to join them. However, what I first saw was just superficial compared to its hidden beauty awaiting me, as I explored the place, especially when I went around the surrounding area where the sun ate away the darkness. Since it was miles away from the city, I had to climb up the mountain. But, as I finally reached its zenith, I could step on the fogs as they rose going up to the sky and formed as clouds; I could feel that I was on the top of the world, thus the cold dewdrops touched my toes as they dispersed and went along with the air. After a while, I didn’t know that I still had to clamber down to finally reach another astonishing place. From there, I stayed in my grandfather’s ancestral house. Nearby, I could see the hills planted with rice. Their fronds were swaying and dancing as the wind blew. Some were brimming with the golden yellow grains ready to harvest. At the backyard, an array of different trees weighed down with copious fruits that were mouthwatering. On the other side, were bountiful vegetables watered with love and care. These plants were within a reach which served as our everyday food. The tour guide took me to one part of their place which truly took my breath away; to my surprise, they let me ride at the back of their _Carabao_‎, thus, I felt the tail of it at as it swung from side to side. As I got there, I was amazed at what I saw! The river was crystal clear; the pebbles were like diamonds that glittered in the water. I even felt like bathing in the river and it felt good knowing that the river was unpolluted. I didn’t even see any moss nor trash, instead just dried leaves falling from the trees that surrounded it, but I was oblivious as to where the water took the  leaves as they swam away from my sight. Furthermore at night, the place was covered with darkness since there was no electricity in the place, however, thanks to the moonlight, for it lit the entire place, plus the flashing lights of fireflies were everywhere providing at least a little bit of glow that made the night more beautiful. Gazing upon the sky, I was struck by the darkness of the night, darker than smeared charcoal, small splashes of gold glittering here and there as if an artist had brazenly attempted to light it without aim; smoky grey clouds deteriorate under the florescent silver beams of the moon, as if they were shadows to be banished. The stars were like diamonds illuminated in the sky thus making me realise how spectacular the place was. For me, it was really the best place I have ever been. Whatever I experienced from that place will be kept in my heart and memory forever because I know that it is probably the last time I will see that place as beautiful and conserved as it was. I hope that the people living there will continually take good care of their environment as much as they care and value themselves. My heart pounds and shrieks with some strong attachment as I feel as if there is a powerful force in my soul clinging and digging itself into the mountain, urging me not to let go. I believed that I was protected by the wings of nature and as if I was away from the demands of the mortal world.